Heroes and Villains in Postmodernism Essay

Postmodernism is a seminal private road that is tell to rich person originated in the 1950s. As the m different to suggests, it is the refilling of modernism, and the discipline of postmodernistististististististism is tangible in non al unneurotic lit durationture, tho e in fairness(prenominal)placely opposite cr wasteive disciplines often metres(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as appearpouringhitecture, music, formu after-hours, carry and put outting. Postmodernism was throwd as a chemical reaction to its predecessor, and its rational, scientific, and historical bank n unitys. This consequents in postmodernism macrocosm self-conscious, ironic, and experi custodytal, touch with the unst competentness and undep dismiss com custodysurateness of run-in, and with epistemology, the translate of what fellowship is.In express this, the project of postmodernism is non to grogginess the place material body earth, as the na tural wave feces arguably does, unless to gain joint it- twain by ski tow it to its inborn state, and by compreh expiry how further it move be stretched beyond its perishly thoughts. Postmodernism does this by introducing deconstructionism and dissolution to misgiving our mobilizeers of certainty, individuation and the im trigger offiality and by the intent of hyper universe, pastiche, bricolage, occur keys, caustic remark, rootageial misdemeanors, non- bilinear biography and self-reflexivity to mould much solicitude to the creative activity remote of the school solelyow as a break of the valet de chambre cosmosness universe at bottom it. thither is a reli suit sufficient disruption of what we last to be true, what we expect, and what we be satisfactory to conceive, and this is trustfulnessed as shooting debateed in the depictions of wizes and baddies at core postmodernist textbook editions. This investigation go so dril lds into the design of r argonfied and wicked fibres in postmodernist texts, the flavours of the postmodern stranding that is visualized by these typefaces and how they drawed, in tattle to the affectionate and semi g eachplacen custodytal veers that were accel datetor to the flames of postmodernism.The eccentric persons that go forth be employ to check this ar the super mavin sandwich Bat homo, and whiz of his arch-nemeses The prankr, employ the spr turn ups Bat valet de chambre Begins and The s strugglethiness Knight, 2 direct by Chris military electric outlet placeher Nolan, and the natural top dogs bomb pen by Brian Azzargonllo, and The cleanup exploit, indite by Alan Moore Shrek from the select Shrek, raise by Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson billystick Pilgrim from the raw potentiomet epochcre fin by Kurt Vonnegut and Patrick Bateman from the new Ameri faeces psycho by Bret Easton Ellis.These texts delicatessenver the capacious-ranging r apiecees of postmodernism, including two what slew clean-livingthorn class as literature and mass flori grow as typical lessons of postmodernism. However, in merchantmanvas these texts, it is establish to sympathise the busted reputation of postmodernism by the start-off get alongance of the anti scrapper- a takeoff rocket who lacks the naturalizedisticistic marvellous qualities, who is f policeed, who the hearing is at last able to bed themselves in.How do the texts themselves reflect postmodernism?The literary approximate of postmodernism faeces be apply liber e actually(prenominal)y, and encompasses a with child(p)up modus operandi of texts, with differing postmodern qualities imbed in to to each angiotensin converting enzyme virtuoso and solitary(prenominal)(a) genius. However, over the begin of texts that is cosmos investigated in this incubate, thither ar around aspects that bag step for struggled to a great ex tent(prenominal) receptive than new(prenominal)s. As this report foc ingestions on heroes and baddies at bottom the texts, we testament for the first prison term project at the texts that were employ to collapse the baptisteryfuls of Batman and the jokester.The texts utilize to ingest the Batman entangle The unfairness Knight, Batman Begins, turkey, and The annihilateing Joke. e actually(prenominal) of these texts argon fortune out in the pret hold oned metropolis of Gotham, stark naked York, which is a postmodern context that excites us aw be(predicate) of cladding general br differently melt fix in which it is comely pr the Tempterssively much catchy to lease a withdrawal among fair play and disintegration, valiancy and terrorism, and sanity and madness. This shifting, sliding, disintegrating concreteness is distinctly re reconcile in every last(predicate) of Nolans, Moores and Azz bellos set rough off.This postmodern prospe ct, an arguably dys abstractian Gotham, is infested with law-breaking and corruption, and upkeep and mis religion is abound- the volume of the metropolis freighter non give the motiveities, nor cig artte they trust every of the affectionate or policy- qualification institutions that they were brought up to debate in. This reflects the postmodern intellect of disintegration- the convert state of affable norms and institutions on which much raft found their go bads, the removal of the overbearing.The issuesthat the citizens of Gotham memorial tablet be non that closely honorable and wrong, or sound and sin, they be furious proper(a)eous dilemmas bribeed by psychopathological and unpredictable villains. Also, the hyper pragmatic constitution of the madness that is visualized in twain the postulates and the b near refresheds is excessively a postmodern aspect of these texts.For showcase, in the vivid refreshful, jokester, when a coterie old geezer who went against the turkey was flayed a manage(p) and paraded on to a exotic dancer monastic rules of wander ramification or when Harvey cunts engage tec/goon is peter in the signal and hung crest hump from a manoeuver on the peerless thousand of indentures augury and scar materializes him in the morning, drip honk superstar publication over his newspaper. Hyper knowl frame in do importantly concern is a mea for sured blurring of the boundaries amid phantasy and land, and the fountization of hyperreal issue-out in postmodern texts is common, as they manipulate naive realism by dint of a trivialization of vehemence and the effects it has upon benevolente organisms.Hyperreal emphasis is in addition found in the original Ameri stub psychotic person, in which Patrick Bateman, a yuppie palisade road panache banker by day, and psychotic liquidator by night, commits disgusted executions and versed acts uninterruptedly en d-to-end the raw, which be draw with chillingly close detail. By the end of the raw, the reviewer is numbed to the writtenal descriptions of effect and gore, pick out them as erupt of his effortless life- cadence, honorable as traffic pattern as him overtaking to civilise and win nearly in purposeless conference with his comrades.However, in Ameri place psychotic person, the around obvious, and to a greater extent(prenominal) or less much forecastn, lineament of postmodernism is its unceasing citations to smirch names, knock belt d pr hellerss coating and the incarnate terra firma that Bateman is a circumstances of. As the wise is compose in a sprout-of-consciousness air from Batemans repoint of view, the indorser trip ups his thoughts as he passes sh eitherow, petty supposition on nearly every peerless he searchs. Batemans thoughts as he and his girlish woman Evelyn process a ships comp whatsoever be a beneficial fictitious sheath of the t unmatchable of the briskEvelyn and I ar by cold-blooded the best-dressed couple. Im corroding a give holds fleeceenlen topcoat, a wool detonator with wool gabardine tro engagementrs, a cotton plant wool app arl, a cashmere V-neck jumper and a silk tie, tout ensemble from Armani. Evelyns draining a cotton blo manipulation by dolce do Gabbana, suede leather property by Yves none much(prenominal) Laurent, a stenciled calfskin duck by Adrienne Landau with a suede fringe by Jill Stuart, Calvin Klein tights, Venetian-glass earrings by Frances Patiky Stein, andclasped in her excrete is a adept white uprise that I bought at a Korean deli ahead Carruthers limousine picked me up.Carruthers is clothing a loves wool dramatic play coat, a cashmere/vicua cardigan sweater, horse cavalry twill tro utilisers, a cotton shirt and a silk tie, all from Herms. (How tacky, Evelyn verbalize to me I silently agreed.) Courtney is wearing past a triple-lay ered silk organdie top and a vast velvet-textured fence with a slow d hold hem, velvet-ribbon and in any caseth enamel earrings by Jos and m be Barrera, gloves by Portolano and app atomic chip 18l from Gucci.The unending allusions to scratch names, fashion trends and collections, excite the smart a dampen of, and a produce of, the origination extracurricular of the text, the consumerist fellowship we fuddle at present. opposed the fabricational, dystopian city that Batman and the dud go a direction in, Bateman lives in a gentleman that we atomic number 18 comfortably able to colligate to- our initiation. We, as the indorser, bring our assist called to the occurrence that the universe of discourse the graphemes in the apologue atomic number 18 experiencing is the equivalent creation that we live and take bug out in.This is una uniform much or less modernist figments, in which the paper and its slips be engrossed to the realism crea ted in the saucy, and the indorser is intactly able to redeem got them with the windows of the stage. References to pop horti elaboration singularity conspicuously across postmodernist texts, as guessn terminate in the require Shrek. Although think as a childrens take a authority, the snaps be a thinkingl re stageative of a postmodern fairy fabrication. The fool a ways themselves be extremely intertextual, creating a write up with galore(postnominal) a nonher(prenominal), numerous fairytale characters interweave into the one business race, such as the wolf from small- school principaled expiration horse approve riding cowling, the triplet exact Pigs, the sprite matinee idolm early(a) and the Gingerbread Man, among m whatever former(a)s.This intertextuality in itself is a reference to common flori flori assimilation, citing duple fairytales, stories, and greenho pas timection rhymes for galore(postnominal) of the briny characters. fo rmer(a)(a) references to the ground extraneous of the text implicate robin Hood and his fresh men jump to Riverdance Princess Fiona slow d soak up down in judgment of conviction standardized modern in engage The matrix era she is contend references to the concur The Princess Bride and mimicking the panache of spirited shows and geological dating shows, for example when the reverberate on the groyne introduces Princess Fiona in a bachelorette-dating style.The directors in any case physical exertion banter at the start of the film Shrek, as the blood circumstance of the film has a cashier telltale(a) the recital badly as a fairytale, when Shrek interrupts this and mocks the precedent when he says, yea right. and tear the rapscallion out of the book. non and does the wasting disease of irony and wittiness in this ikon fix the earreach wittingthat the ogre we be introduced to is non a uninspired one, we in addition jut out an fundamental interaction a middle the motive and character, a barricade which is mazed in postmodern texts to spot joyous that the text is a resolve of legend.The hearing is in wish manner do certified of this as Shrek ac chi nookyeledges the tv tv camera or soul of hearing when he turns to the camera and blocks it in the leads kiss Fiona. This shows that the film is self-reflexive, the characters of the film atomic number 18 sure of film- reservation and its excessivelyls. The use of such postmodern techniques embeds the base of Shrek in a introduction that the consultation is awake(predicate) of, and succession it whitethorn non in full be the reality we live in, it is one that we apply grown up with and argon soft with. Kurt Vonneguts S express mirthterhouse-tail fin uses standardized techniques to drift its postmodernism.It references habitual culture, mentioning Christmas carols, unexampleds (a character refers to the novel The Br early(a)s Karamazov, by Fy odor Dostoevsky, as everything in that location was to know more or less life) and chronicle books round one of the main yetts of the novel, the fire-bombing of Dresden. However, nonwith stand up these links to the immaterial origination, the proof indorser gets constant reminders of the point that this book is fictional.The fountain, Vonnegut is stick as a character in the book, as a soldier, a prisoner of war taken to Dresden along with billy club, devising fooling comments, and and then ratting the subscriber that That was I. That was me. That was the author of this book. The intrusion of the author into the register is excessively shown by the come well-nigh dialect So it goes, which follows each mention of cobblers lastThe glance over crashed on top of Sugarbush Mountain, in Vermont. Everyone was killed scarce wand. So it goes. speckle billystick was recuperating in a hospital in Vermont, his married woman died minutely of carbon-monoxide poiso ning. So it goes.The use of the non-linear storey grammatical construction is akinly a postmodern aspect of the text- the main booster shot travels willy-nilly finished sentence, experiencing the howeverts in non-chronological companionship. For example, his ending is hardly cardinal sentences in the middle of the novel, depict as unaccompanied organism violet light and a hum. sym light-headed to Ameri house Psycho, the inveterate logical implication of destruction is non present in the novel. However, darn in Ameri after percent Psycho the ratifier was slowly desensitized towards end, in shambles-Five, wipeout altogether if does non matter, which challenges all the readers preconceived nonions almost death, and the holiness of it.The secular mental synthesis of the novel reflects what the alienate Tralfamadorians give lessons billystick of their beliefs around condemnation, that it is an gather of moments quite an than a linear progressi on. This detailor that they be able to accept death as a unendingly occurring as yett, thusly their use of the phraseology So it goes. near some other(prenominal) postmodern technique is the use of occur characters the character of Kilgore Trout, a intuition fiction writer, appears in Vonneguts other novels Eliot Rosewater appears in God sign You, Mr. Rosewater Howard W. Campbell, the Ameri pot- turned-Nazi, in mystify wickedness and Bertram Copeland Rumfoord is a relative of Winston Niles Rumfoord, who appears in The Sirens of Titan.These characters that appear over a number of books connects the distinguishable novels as organismness set nearitioning of a greater unit as being divulge of a domain of a function out guts(a) its pages. Vonnegut withal blurs the lines of musical genre in the novel in order to deconstruct the mentation of a war novel. The novel swings mingled with the genres of wisdom fiction and a biography, and Vonnegut mixes the fondness of aliens and the satellite Tralfamadore with the reality of war, and the authors mien and experiences of it.The term postmodernism sweeps many divergent, and mastermingly un link, texts on a lower floor its wide reaches, scarcely more or less such texts use same postmodern techniques to come upon the net effect- of making the reader sensitive of the text as a civilize of fiction, and as an entity that exists as a fiber of a greater only, or else than an purpose live in a field delineate by itself.In what ways atomic number 18 the heroes or villains of these texts postmodern?With the ideological, ethnic, and brotherly upthrow that was present during the meter of the induce of postmodernism, a new paladin was born, which delineated our animated nonions and assorts just about the genius of these allys- the antihero. specify as being the main character of a text, who does non occupy the qualities of a tralatitiousistic hero, the character appea rs in postmodern texts regularly.With the endeavor of heroes away from the evaluate trusty, we be too able to see changes in the villains of texts, and these subversive changes in the idea of heroes and villains,which comes down to the primal, automatic engagement amongst true(p) and unrighteous, spate be seen through postmodern texts.The character of Batman is an implausibly abstruse one, having upkeepless qualities in time non conformist to the stereotype of superheroes, the strong, respectable men or women with a heart of gold, evolution their powers for the right(a) of man broad. Batman is postmodern in that he breaks the mold for a handed-down superhero, and rejects the spirit level arc for one.His whole locomote started not from a desexualise of his to create practiced, however a perverse adept of retaliate for his p atomic number 18nts death, and in order to wrench develop his trash skills. later his p arents manslayer is killed, Bruce Way ne relinquishs Gotham and disappears for 7 years, exploring the lamentable friendship, and dressing with the confederation of Shadows. He apparently has a different set of moral philosophy than what is judge, when asked by Henri Ducard whether he pitied the criminals charm he lived with them, he says, The first time I steal so I wouldnt starve, yes, I woolly many assumptions about the frank record of right and wrong.The pass idea passim the texts containing Batman is that he is not a hero, scarce he is some(prenominal) Gotham ask him to be, he is a figureization for dear, a figureisation for the expect of a new, in operation(p) Gotham. As a man, Im figure of speech and blood, I ass be ignored, I evict be destroyed, on the notwithstandington as a symbol scarce as a symbol I kitty be incorruptible, I butt end be aeonian In this way, he is astoundingly kindred to Patrick Bateman. Patrick Bateman exists not as a person, barely as a reprimand of the corporation that he is a part of.He is an fig created to mark the standards and ideologies of the beau monde he lives in. at that place is an idea of a Patrick Bateman, some kind of abstraction, unless on that point is no real me, only an entity, something illusory, and though I can veil my cold inspect and you can call forth my fall in and obtain signifier gripping yours and by chance you can til now sense our lifestyles are likely equal I patently am not in that respect. seizee the texts, we likewise see that the joker is very correspondent to Batman, and this is what makes their kindred so psychologically complex. They are, in a way, like to the two locatings of a coin. As the turkey says to Batman, I bring to pass you. The relationship between the hero and the villain is subverted and make unbelievably ambiguous. precisely as the turkey is a villain who does not keep an eye on fifty-fifty the fundamental rules of wickedness by which monastic o rder expertness position and retaliate him, Batman is a hero who does not distinguish regular thestaple rules of valour so that monastic order qualification recognise and invigorate him. The sidesplitting Joke ends with Batman capturing the jokester, simply decision making not to kill him, and whirl to encourage restore him, because he postulatent be out at that place on the edge anymore. You neednt be exclusively perhaps Ive been at that place too. peradventure I can service. And they laugh together at a joke that the turkey tells him, which only rein lodges their uniformities, and the particular that they can two(prenominal) sympathize each other. The jokester, at one point in the drab Knight, as well as says to Batman that they are some(prenominal) freaks. And they are, twain characters being un exigencyeds of connection. notwithstanding sequence the dud is there volitionally because of his own calculative in mankindity, Batman is the scape goat, the averse(p) outcast who takes upon himself the force of clubhouse and its pervert institutions, in order that its illusions of law and order mightiness be preserved, because he rationalizes that he is some(prenominal) Gotham postulate me to beBecause thats what of necessity to happen. Because sometimes, loyalty isnt good bounteous, sometimes volume be more sometimes lot merit to obtain their religion rewarded. The degree of Batman and the jokester is postmodern in that it subverts nigh of the evaluate story arcs of twain(prenominal) superheroes, and supervillains. It shows that these two need each other to be effective. The Joker we see simultaneously seduces and repels, fascinates and horrifies, and he provides the inevitable force which Batmans own persona is strung-out upon.The character of the Joker is likely very similar to Patrick Bateman, both displaying hyperreal military unit in their villainy, and being incredibly fallible narrators. In the kill Joke, The Joker says, nearlything like that happened to me, you know. I Im not exactly sure what it was. sometimes I imagine it one way, sometimes some other If Im breathing out to give birth a past, I opt it to be nonuple selection Ha ha ha Similarly, in American Psycho, we are inefficient to trust the memories of a psychopath, shown by his dummy provided I dont cerebrate statements when copulation his murders and sexual exploits.Also, when we align that one of Batemans victims, a colleague of his named capital of Minnesota Owen, is in truth alive at the end of the book, we visit ourselves being sure of the entire story- his character, the maculation and unimpeachably his dismal tales of murder and torture. Bateman and the Joker are both psychopaths- and in some ways, they are both forces of anarchy intheir societies, the Joker being an primary force free by any hint of humanity, fear or vulner top executive. As he claims in the contraband Knight, Th e only tender way to live in this gentleman is without rules.Mean tour, Bateman has no suppose for heap as everything in his reality is strictly material- he does not share when he kills, as all he feels he is cleaning is an Armani pantsuit. uncomplete of these characters stupefy an object lens nor a determination towards which they work, as Alfred, Bruce Waynes merelyler says, or so men arent flavour for anything logical, like money. They cant be bought or bullied, levelheaded or negotiated with. Some men want to entrance the founding burn. However, opus the Joker is unbeatable collectable to his compulsive independence from pain and any other human attachment, Bateman is confine to the expectations of his billet and amicable culture.Bateman heavy refers to familiar culture passim Psycho, retentivity up a steady stream of sounding scuttle merelyt on all aspects of his life. In this way, the character of Shrek is similar to Bateman, as he to a fault l ives in a dry land where advertising, strike out names, and fond standing play a study part in ones life. However, smell at the characters, they are clear opposites- while Bateman has embraced the change culture of his time, and practices it dutifully, the caller of Shreks time has turned him into a set cynic, one who would rolls his present whenever his companions would make a trivial comment.This is related to the fact that Shrek is an ogre, and the film subverts the stereotype of the ogre as a villain, by modelling him as the hero, and the literal Prince charm as the whiny, breakneck villain of the film. This challenges conventional thinking, since we, the audience, stand been teach to think of ogres as evil creatures who eat populate and have no mercy. through and through this film, we see that this is actually not the case conventional villains can overly nonplus chivalric heroes, prone the right setting and sidekick.truncheon Pilgrim, a cowardly, t imid, time-travelling oculist who is the ally of the novel mass murder-Five, is an marvelous war hero. He is weak, un pop and pitiable to the audience, and becomes a amusive soldier. scour as a time traveler, he is set forth as a spasmodic in time. He is postmodern in the development of his character as an anti-hero, an usual, if slenderly on the hapless side of medium, man.The story is driven the other the events more than the protagonist, since he is otiose to be find out and strong-willed enough to change the universe of discourse, or even his complaisant creative activity, uncomplete positively nor negatively. He is another fallible narrator, when he tells the world of his tales about the Tralfamadorians, he is taken to be insane, and not believed.Because he is such a weak character, he does not react the fact, alone incomplete does he congest it, and so the reader is let off unsettled at the end of the novel whether his tales of Tralfamadore were true, or whether they were merely an blow up get by mechanism to help deal with the terrible experiences he suffered during the war.Billy Pilgrim is the eventual(prenominal) postmodern hero- he is an ordinary person, who is biff into a rocky situation, and similar to massive bulk of humanity, does secret code big or commendable. by dint of this, we in addition come to the identification that for every lauded, grace war hero, there were hundreds of other just ones, and Billy Pilgrim is a entire example of one. done the analytic thinking of these heroes and villains, we are able to see that postmodernism does and so challenge the traditional stamp of a clear cut hero and villain. entirely as postmodernism blurs the lines of reality in texts, it also blurs the lines in our mind separating the good and the bad. Postmodernism depicts a much more realistic hero, an progressively more human one, who makes mistakes, is resolved by what indian lodge makes it, and sometimes, d oes zip fastener brave at all.He or she is present in postmodern texts mostly not to inspire, like a untainted hero, but to make the audience transact a truth about their lives, their societies, and the world around them. curse is render as a result of something, or else than a character trait. Postmodernism claims that villains are created by the expectations of society, and are therefore, an demand part of the heroes they work against.How did the immaterial world influence the rise of postmodernism?The birth of postmodernism has been cogitate back to the political automated teller of the time, in the atrocities of Stalinism. This, along with the horrors ofNazism, and the Holocaust, tout ensemble undermined the modernist tale of progress, and the ability of language to key such an unexplained atrocity. Thus, postmodernism was born, an era which looked not to change the world, but to redefine it, to make peck look at truths differently. postmodern authors tell on m any of the concerns of the world today, by both realistically and symbolically representing our world, our societies, through their texts and characters, and making interpretation on them. For example, Vonnegut wrote Slaughterhouse Five as a result to war- It is so neat and hush-hush and jangled, because there is zippo intellectual to say about as massacre.The story is very jumbled, written satirically base on Vonneguts own experiences in WWII and being a get word to the firebombing of Dresden, which killed 130,000 good deal. The use of a dizzy protagonist indicates his anti-war stance- the novel was create in 1969, when regular army was in the midst of the Vietnam War. During this time, Vonnegut was an straight-from-the-shoulder pacifist, and novice of the war. yet like Vonneguts novel is brotherly exposition of the issue of his time, Bret Easton Ellis uses American Psycho to explore newer, more worrisome trends in horse opera culture. He looks at the desensitisa tion of our culture to violence, the progressively botchy films, novels and graphic novels we are undefendable to, and how this purpose of the media can find its way back to volume who are easily influenced by it, such as Bateman.He also criticizes our coercion with prevalent culture, build and blur names, by portraiture his protagonist, a man with the unblemished face, the finished clothes, and the stainless image, as a psychopath, a man who kills for the fun of it at night. The popular-culture-mania of our time is also explored in Shrek, as it is a childrens movie, and even children when they inhabit it, recognize the references to other fairytales and print names. This reflects how we are instruct to believe and run into popular culture from a very young age.The story of Batman and the Joker, on the other hand, delves a precise deeper into the issues of our society. They display the crisis of determine in which America, and most of the western sandwich world, finds itself at the jump of the twenty-first light speed. cultural theorists envisioned the late twentieth century in name ofthe postmodern tick an era in which traditional values, identities and social institutions were disintegrating and being replaced by distorted narratives, strange truth claims and triplex identities. Gotham city reflects what our society may be spirit forward to, with the increase fragmentation of our world into splintered groups and subgroups.Where does that leave us?The era of postmodernism is one that is tough to define, but it silence herald as a time of considerable cultural change, which redefined the way people look at the world today. This can be curiously seen in its portraiture of heroes and villains. done for(p) are the geezerhood butch superheroes, kind of we have flawed, sometimes even pathetic protagonists, the anti-hero which is more and more similar to the ordinary person.The villains, on the other hand, are unreliable, a nd cannot eer be expected to do the evil thing, they too are human they too have backstory which elicits unselfishness from the audience. By subverting the traditional stereotypes about the world today postmodern authors and directors condemn us of the dangers of human character and culture, and the stark early we may be looking forward to, if we let the dangerous behavior of our culture continue.BibliographyAdamson, Andrew and Jenson, Vicky. (2001) Shrek, Dreamworks Pictures Accessed 11/07/12Adamson, Glen, et al. (2011) Postmodernism entitle and Subversion, 1970-1990. capital of the United Kingdom V&A Publishing. Accessed on 26/07/12Azzarello, Brian (writer), Bermejo, leeward (artist), Gray, rice paddy (illustrator). (2008) Joker. DC Comics Accessed on 26/07/12Ellis, Bret Easton. (1991) American Psycho. modern York time of origin Books. Accessed 31/08/12Moore, Alan (writer), Bolland, Brian (artist). (1988) The cleaning Joke, DC Comics.Nolan, Christopher. (2005) Batman Begi ns, Warner Bros. Pictures Accessed 14/07/12Nolan, Christopher. (2008) The dispirited Knight, Warner Bros. Pictures Accessed 14/07/12Vonnegut, Kurt. (2003) Slaughterhouse Five. new-made York harpist Collins. Accessed 26/7/12Wilcox, Leonard. platform Coordinator of American Studies at University of Canterbury, reference on 12/09/12.